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A guarantor is a person, company, parent entity, financial institution, or government body that agrees to meet a borrower’s debt obligations if the borrower fails to pay. In bond markets, a guarantor can improve investor protection by providing an additional source of repayment for interest, principal, or other amounts covered by the guarantee.
High yield bonds are non investment grade corporate debt securities rated BB+ or lower that compensate investors for elevated credit and default risk through higher coupon payments; positioned between investment grade bonds and equities within the fixed income asset class, they offer higher income potential but greater sensitivity to economic conditions and issuer fundamentals.
Interest rate risk is the risk that the market value of a bond or other fixed income security will change because of movements in interest rates. When interest rates rise, the prices of existing fixed-rate bonds usually decline, as newer bonds may offer higher yields. When interest rates fall, existing bonds with higher coupons may become more valuable, although investors may face reinvestment risk if future cash flows have to be reinvested at lower rates.
An issue date is the specific date on which a bond, stock, or other financial instrument is officially created and delivered to investors by the issuer. It marks the beginning of the instrument’s life, determines when interest starts to accrue for bonds, and serves as the reference point for tax reporting, payment schedules, and time to maturity.
A junior bond is a debt instrument that ranks below senior debt in the issuer’s repayment hierarchy. If the issuer defaults or enters liquidation, junior bondholders are repaid only after senior creditors have been paid. Because of this lower priority, junior bonds usually carry higher risk and typically offer higher interest rates than senior bonds.
Liquidity is the degree to which an asset can be quickly sold or converted into cash without materially affecting its market price. In financial markets, the term is also used to describe a company’s ability to meet its short-term obligations using cash and other liquid assets.
Loss given default is the estimated percentage of an investment or loan exposure that may be lost if the borrower defaults. It is calculated as the part of the exposure that is not expected to be recovered after restructuring, collateral sale, legal recovery, or other recovery processes. For bond investors, it helps assess potential loss severity in addition to the probability of default.
Macaulay duration is the present-value-weighted average time to receive a bond’s cash flows, expressed in years. It represents the point at which the total present value of future coupon payments and principal repayment equals the bond’s current market price, and is used to assess interest rate risk and align investment horizon with cash flow timing.
A maturity date is the specific date on which the principal and any remaining interest on a bond, loan, or other debt instrument must be fully repaid. It marks the end of the contractual relationship between borrower and lender or investor and issuer, when all financial obligations are settled.
Modified duration is a measure of a bond’s sensitivity to interest rate changes, expressed as the estimated percentage change in the bond’s price for a 1% change in its yield to maturity. It is derived from Macaulay duration and is widely used in fixed income analysis to assess interest rate risk and compare bonds with different coupons and maturities.