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A secured bond is a bond backed by specific collateral, such as property, equipment, financial assets, or dedicated revenue streams. If the issuer defaults, bondholders have a claim on the pledged assets, which can improve recovery prospects compared with unsecured bonds. Secured bonds are often used by companies, financial institutions, and municipalities to raise capital with additional protection for investors.
A senior non-preferred bond is a type of bank debt that ranks below senior preferred debt but above subordinated capital instruments in a bank resolution. It is designed to absorb losses through bail-in if the issuing bank fails, which usually gives investors higher yields than ordinary senior bank bonds.
A senior preferred bond is a senior unsecured bank bond that ranks above senior non-preferred and subordinated debt in the repayment hierarchy. It is typically used by banks for funding and offers investors a relatively higher priority claim in case of default or resolution, while still carrying issuer credit risk and interest rate risk.
A senior secured bond is a bond that is backed by specific assets of the issuer and has a high repayment priority if the issuer defaults. This means bondholders have a legal claim on the pledged collateral and are usually paid before unsecured or subordinated creditors in a liquidation scenario. Senior secured bonds are generally considered lower-risk than unsecured bonds from the same issuer, but they are not risk-free.
A senior unsecured bond is a corporate bond that ranks above subordinated debt but is not backed by specific collateral. Investors rely on the issuer’s overall creditworthiness, while in default they usually have a higher claim than subordinated bondholders and equity holders, but a lower claim than secured creditors.
A sinkable bond is a bond that requires the issuer to set aside money in a sinking fund and use it to repay part of the principal before the final maturity date. This structure helps reduce repayment pressure at maturity and can lower credit risk for investors, but it may also increase reinvestment risk if the bonds are redeemed early.
A sovereign bond is a debt security issued by a national government to raise capital from investors. Sovereign bonds typically pay periodic interest and repay principal at maturity, with their yield and risk depending on the issuing country’s credit quality, currency, fiscal position, and political stability.
Spot yield is the annualized return on a zero-coupon bond for a specific maturity, derived from its current market price. It represents the pure discount rate applicable to a single cash flow at a given time horizon and forms the foundation of the spot curve and the term structure of interest rates.
Spread tightening is a market movement where the yield difference between a bond and a comparable benchmark, usually a government bond or swap rate, becomes smaller. It usually indicates stronger investor confidence, higher demand for credit instruments, or lower perceived credit risk. In bond markets, spread tightening can support bond prices because investors are willing to accept less additional yield for taking credit risk.
Spread widening is an increase in the difference between the yield of a bond and the yield of a comparable benchmark, such as a government bond with a similar maturity. It usually indicates that investors require higher compensation for credit risk, liquidity risk, or market uncertainty. For corporate bonds, spread widening often leads to lower bond prices and higher borrowing costs for issuers.