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A sovereign bond is a debt security issued by a national government to raise capital from investors. Sovereign bonds typically pay periodic interest and repay principal at maturity, with their yield and risk depending on the issuing country’s credit quality, currency, fiscal position, and political stability.
Spot yield is the annualized return on a zero-coupon bond for a specific maturity, derived from its current market price. It represents the pure discount rate applicable to a single cash flow at a given time horizon and forms the foundation of the spot curve and the term structure of interest rates.
Spread tightening is a market movement where the yield difference between a bond and a comparable benchmark, usually a government bond or swap rate, becomes smaller. It usually indicates stronger investor confidence, higher demand for credit instruments, or lower perceived credit risk. In bond markets, spread tightening can support bond prices because investors are willing to accept less additional yield for taking credit risk.
Spread widening is an increase in the difference between the yield of a bond and the yield of a comparable benchmark, such as a government bond with a similar maturity. It usually indicates that investors require higher compensation for credit risk, liquidity risk, or market uncertainty. For corporate bonds, spread widening often leads to lower bond prices and higher borrowing costs for issuers.
Strike price is the fixed, predetermined price at which the holder of an options contract has the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell the underlying asset before or at expiration; it is set when the contract is created and remains unchanged throughout its life, and the difference between the strike price and the current market price determines the option’s moneyness and intrinsic value.
A subordinated bond is a bond that ranks below senior debt in the issuer’s repayment hierarchy. If the issuer defaults or goes into liquidation, subordinated bondholders are paid only after senior creditors have been repaid. Because of this lower priority, subordinated bonds usually carry higher credit risk and typically offer higher yields than comparable senior bonds.
A sustainability-re-linked bond is a type of sustainability linked bond where the proceeds are used to finance a portfolio of sustainability-linked loans, and the bond’s financial characteristics, such as interest rates, depend on whether the underlying borrowers meet predefined sustainability targets. Unlike standard sustainability linked bonds, which link performance to the issuer’s own metrics, SRLBs transfer sustainability risk and performance to third-party borrowers, typically within a bank’s lending portfolio.
A sustainable bond is a bond used to finance or re finance projects with environmental or social benefits. It can include green bonds, social bonds, sustainability bonds, and sustainability linked bonds, depending on how the proceeds or issuer targets are linked to sustainability goals.
A toggle note is a type of payment-in-kind bond that allows the issuer to defer interest payments and pay them later, often by adding the unpaid interest to the debt balance. This structure gives the issuer more flexibility during periods of limited cash flow, but it can increase leverage and create higher repayment risk for investors.
A transition bond is a type of bond used to finance projects that help carbon-intensive companies reduce emissions and move toward lower-carbon operations. Unlike green bonds, transition bonds can be issued by companies that are not yet fully sustainable but have a credible plan to improve their environmental impact over time.